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Global warming term paper
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[...]
��Rowland and Molina's article had been in print only eight months when another one on CFCs
appeared in the October 1975 issue of the journal Science. Its author was a young atmospheric
chemist named Veerabhadran Ramanathan, who had recently completed his doctorate at the State
University of New York at Stony Brook. Ramanathan's interest in CFCs stemmed from his dissertation
research. He was able to demonstrate that CFCs trap the Sun's energy in the same manner as do the
other greenhouse gases, such as water vapor, carbon dioxide, and methane. In fact, molecule for
molecule, CFCs are much more efficient at trapping infrared radiation than the other greenhouse
gases. "This enhancement," Ramanathan warned, "may lead to an appreciable increase in the global
surface temperature if the atmospheric concentrations of these compounds reach the values of the
order of 2 parts per billion." Ozone depletion and a potential increase in the greenhouse effect.
It was this dual portent of creeping disaster that was about to touch off what environmental
historians Lydia Dotto and Harold Schiff christened "the Ozone War .As if atmospheric scientists
did not have enough on their plates already, they were suddenly faced by another conundrum in the
mid - 1970s. After some thirty years of cooling, the climatic pendulum seemed momentarily suspended,
as though in equipoise; then it abruptly reversed itself, causing global temperatures to rise once
again.�
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�In the absence of aggressive and expensive abatement, greenhouse gases will continue to
accumulate in the atmosphere, and we will experience warming. One must learn to adapt to
warming, and government policy must encourage efficient adaptation. Much of the adaptation
will be private, as people and firms change their behaviour to accommodate to the new
environment. But some of it must be public, because actions such as building sea walls,
controlling vectorborne diseases, or building new dams benefit many people. Because the
consequences of warming will vary across countries, the countries' interest in imposing
controls will vary as well. Many countries will benefit from warming the very countries,
ironically, that have contributed the most to historic emissions. The industrialized nations
of the earth happen to lie in boreal and temperate climates, where warming is likely to prove
beneficial. Countries in subtropical and, especially, tropical climates � which to date have
made no commitment to reduce their greenhouse-gas emissions � are likely to be damaged by warming.
As each country becomes aware of national impacts, the impacts will become more important to the
countries and affect future negotiations about abatement measures and costs. Each country will
perceive different rewards for itself in taking action, and that will make it increasingly
difficult to construct international agreements. Successful agreements will almost certainly
have to include a compensation package to encourage at least some nations to cooperate.�
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�Under the Clean Air Act, EPA is required to periodically review its clean air standards - those
for carbon monoxide, lead, nitrogen dioxide, sulphur dioxide, ozone, and particulate matter - and
change them if scientific studies warrant. In revising and setting standards, known formally as
National Ambient Air Quality Standards (NAAQS), the EPA administrator must establish them with an
"adequate margin of safety" to protect public health. The ozone standard was originally set in 1971
for a group of pollutants called "photochemical oxidants" (later changed to just ozone), not to
exceed an hourly average level of 80 parts per billion, or PPB more than one hour per year. The
ozone standard at the time was based, in part, on studies that showed increased asthma attacks in
areas where ozone levels were high. By 1979, the standard was formally changed to adopt ozone as
the indicator rather than photochemical oxidants, and the level was relaxed to 120 PPB ozone. EPA
arrived at the revised standard after finding adverse health effects for sensitive individuals in
the 150-to-250 PPB range, setting the standard at 120 PPB, providing what it then believed to be an
adequate margin of safety. EPA also changed the violation threshold from a one-hour exceedance to
a one-day exceedance. Compliance with the national standard for ozone - meaning whether a particular
city or county had attained the standard-was determined over a three-year period.�
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