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[...]
�Trances also on occasion may be accompanied by mental dissociation and what is known as
automatism, i.e., activities performed without the conscious awareness of the individual,
or with the individual will in abeyance. We also find on occasion a mild form of trance
involving wishful thinking, self-deception, and autosuggestion due to the subject's neurotic
desire for attention. Drugs may also produce a type of trance in which the individual's will
appears to be sapped and the individual seems half asleep and not aware of what he or she is
saying and doing. People on tranquilizers often seem to be in a trance. People who are neurotic
or have milder forms of psychosis also often appear to be and act like they are in a trance.
Finally, we have the fake trances that the professional mediums and channelers exhibit at
will. Many modem channelers can go into a trance instantly � even faster if you flash a few
dollar bills. Unfortunately, the confusion surrounding the term "trance" as used by many people
in the hypnosis business is mind-boggling. Jay Haley's description of the problem is classic:
�The trance is sleep, but it isn't sleep. It is a conditioned reflex but it occurs without
conditioning. It is a transference relationship involving libidinal and submissive instinctual
strivings, but this is because of aggressive and sadistic instinctual strivings. It is a state
in which a person is hypersuggestible to another's suggestions, but one where only auto-suggestion
is effective since compliance from the subject is required. It is a state of concentrated
attention, but is achieved by dissociation. It is a process of role-playing, but the role
subjectively real. It is a neurological change based upon psychological suggestions, but the
neurological changes have yet to be measured and the psychological suggestions have yet to be
defined. Finally, there is a trance state which exists separately from trance phenomena, such
as catalepsy, hallucinations, and so on, but these phenomena are essential to a true trance state.
�Other notions with regard to trance are equally confusing.�
[...]
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[...]
���primary suggestibility is highly correlated with hypnosis, in contrast to secondary suggestibility.
It would appear then, for the time being, that primary suggestibility is what Janet and others were
referring to. The suggestibility of one more category of individuals, the psychotics, remains to be
examined. According to Kraepelin and Bleuler, manic depressives are suggestible, in contrast to
schizophrenics who are not. Naumov has stated without further qualification that insane individuals
are four times more suggestible than sane persons. Williams tested psychotic individuals by means of
the postural sway test. He reported that catatonics are negatively suggestible but that there is no
difference between the suggestibility of schizophrenic paranoids and that of normal persons. Manic
depressives were found by him to be a little more negative and somewhat less responsive than normal
individuals. Barry, using their own scale of suggestibility, also found that catatonic subjects tend
to be negatively suggestible, compared to other schizophrenic types. Bartlett has repeated Williams'
investigation and has substantiated his results in part, but not entirely. Inasmuch as Webb has shown
that the validity of Bartlett's investigation is in serious doubt, one should not place too much
reliance on it.�
[...]
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[...]
�Each patient's expectations and preferences regarding hypnosis must always be considered. Sometimes
it happens that a person does not wish to be hypnotized, whereas the hypnotist thinks hypnosis is
the ideal treatment. In such cases certain effects associated with hypnosis, specifically those
stemming from relaxation and imagination can be brought about without the formal use of trance.
The application of clinical hypnosis within the context of ongoing, traditional psychotherapy can
be complicated. Hypnosis used to treat a symptom that emerges during the course of therapy is, in
some ways, analogous to medicine prescribed for symptomatic relief. Often it is helpful to clear up
the symptom so that therapy can proceed. For instance, a woman suffers from agoraphobia (fear of
leaving her house). Her symptom has developed because she is unknowingly troubled by "unacceptable"
instincts and impulses, and her conflict needs to be resolved so that the basis for the symptom
disappears. Such resolution is the domain of long-term psychotherapy. Meanwhile, however, she is
hardly able to leave her house to get to that therapy. Hypnosis would give her enough immediate
symptomatic relief so that the needed long term treatment could take place on a less desperate
footing.�
[...]
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